Extensions

Extension: Doubly Linked List

Complete the provided DoublyLinkedList class that implements a doubly-linked list.

A doubly-linked list contains nodes with two references, one in each direction. This means that all nodes in a doubly-linked list link to the next and previous nodes. This allows traversal in both directions of the list.

Doubly-linked lists usually hold references to both the head and the tail nodes. When there’s only one element the head and the tail node are the same node.

DoublyLinkedList Specifications

Attributes

• head, a reference to the first element in the list

• tail, a reference to the last element in the list

Methods

• retrieve(self, index), return element at position index

• prepend(self, data), add data to the start of the list and return None

• append(self, data), add data to the end of the list and return None

Instructions

Note

Look for the TODO items in the provided code!

1. Review the Node class and observe the prev and next attributes

2. Review the prepend method to understand the logic of head and tail attributes

3. Complete the append method:

   1. Create a new tail node with the provided value

   2. If there is one or more element in the list then assign the new tail to the existing tail’s next

   3. Otherwise set the head attribute to the new tail object

   4. Assign the new tail node to the tail attribute

Usage Example

>>> names = LinkedList()
>>> names.append("Bill Gates")
>>> names.append("Steve Jobs")
>>> print(names.retrieve(1))
Steve Jobs

Here is some code for you to start with:

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data, prev=None, next=None):
        self.data = data
        self.prev = prev
        self.next = next

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.data)


class LinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None
        self.tail = None

    # Get element at index (same as before)
    def retrieve(self, index):
        counter = 0
        current = self.head
        while current is not None and counter < index:
            current = current.next
            counter += 1
        if current is None:
            return None
        return current.data

    # Add element to the start of the list
    def prepend(self, data):
        new_node = Node(data, prev=None, next=self.head)
        if self.head:
            self.head.prev = new_node
        else:
            # list was empty so tail must also point here
            self.tail = new_node
        self.head = new_node

    # Add element to the end of the list
    def append(self, data):

        # TODO

# Test code
names = LinkedList()

names.append("Turnbull")
names.append("Morrison")
names.prepend("Albanese")

print(names.retrieve(1))

Solution

Solution is locked

Extension: Queue

Complete the provided Queue class that implements a Queue using a doubly-linked list.

Queues are data structures that store data using the first in first out (FIFO) principle. The information stored in the queue first will be the first out during ‘dequeue’.

Dueue SublyLinkedList Specifications

Attributes

• head, a reference to the first element in the queue

• tail, a reference to the last element in the queue

Methods

• enqueue(self, data), add a single element to the queue

• dequeue(self, data), remove a single element from the queue

Instructions

Note

Look for the TODO items in the provided code!

1. Review the enqueue method to understand the logic

2. Complete the dequeue method:

   1. Store the head.data temporarily

   2. Move the head to the next element

   3. Update the new head.prev to None

   4. If necessary update tail

   5. Return the stored data

Usage Example

>>> names = LinkedList()
>>> names.append("Bill Gates")
>>> names.append("Steve Jobs")
>>> print(names.retrieve(1))
Steve Jobs

Here is some code for you to start with:

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data, prev=None, next=None):
        self.data = data
        self.prev = prev
        self.next = next

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.data)


class Queue:
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None  # front of the queue
        self.tail = None  # back of the queue

    def enqueue(self, data):
        new_node = Node(data, prev=self.tail, next=None)
        if self.tail:
            self.tail.next = new_node
        else:
            # queue was empty so head must also point here
            self.head = new_node
        self.tail = new_node

    def dequeue(self):
        if self.head is None:
            return None

        # TODO


# Test code
names = Queue()
names.enqueue("Bill Gates")
names.enqueue("Steve Jobs")
print(names.dequeue())
print(names.dequeue())

Solution

Solution is locked

Extension: Better Linked List

This exercise builds upon the “Linked List” exercise.

LinkedList Specification

Extend your LinkedList class so that it supports the following functions:

• __str__ and __repr__, returns the string representation of the linked list. See required format in “usage example” below.

• __len__, returns the number of items (nodes) in the linked list

• __getitem__, returns the value of the node given an index

• __setitem__, sets the value of the node at a given index

Usage Example

>>> names = LinkedList()
>>> names.append("Turnbull")
>>> names.append("Morrison")
>>> names.append("Albanese")
>>> print(names)
[Turnbull -> Morrison -> Albanese]
>>> len(names)
3
>>> names[1]
Morrison
>>> names[1] = "Michael McCormack"
>>> names
[Turnbull -> Michael McCormack -> Albanese]

Here is some code for you to start with:

# Definition of Node and enhanced LinkedList with requested functionality

class Node:
    def __init__(self, data, next=None):
        self.data = data
        self.next = next

    def __str__(self):
        return str(self.data)

class LinkedList:
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None

    # Get element at index (existing method)
    def retrieve(self, index):
        counter = 0
        current = self.head
        while current is not None and counter < index:
            current = current.next
            counter += 1
        if current is None:
            return None
        return current.data

    # Add element to the start of the list (existing method)
    def prepend(self, data):
        node = Node(data, self.head)
        self.head = node

    # Add element to the end of the list (existing method)
    def append(self, data):
        new_node = Node(data, None)
        current = self.head
        if current is None:
            self.head = new_node
        else:
            while current.next is not None:
                current = current.next
            current.next = new_node

    def __len__(self):

        # TODO

    def __str__(self):

        # TODO

    __repr__ = __str__ # Use same string for repr and str

    def __getitem__(self, index):

        # TODO

    def __setitem__(self, index, value):

        # TODO


names = LinkedList()
names.append("Turnbull")
names.append("Morrison")
names.append("Albanese")

print("List contents:", names)
print("Length:", len(names))
print("Element at index 1:", names[1])

names[1] = "Michael McCormack"
print("List contents:", names)

Solution

Solution is locked